Summary
The Palace of Westminster in London is better known as the Houses of Parliament and is the meeting place for the enactment of legislation for the Government of the United Kingdom. Developing over 1000 years it became the venue for the first official Parliament of England in 1295 and although still functioning as such it is still possible to visit the palace.
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The Palace of Westminster is perhaps better known as the Houses of Parliament and the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The history of the site started in Roman times when a temple dedicated to Apollo is believed to have stood on the site. Although its present development began in the 8th century when a Saxon church dedicated to St Peter was constructed and became known as the West Minster. In the 10th century, it became part of a Benedictine abbey and was used as the Royal church, it was its association with the Kings that resulted in the expansion of the site, something that was started by King Cnut (1016 – 1035).
The site's development over the centuries resulted in two palaces, the Old Palace, which was a medieval building constructed in the 11th century, and the New Palace constructed after the Old Palace was destroyed by fire.
The Old Palace became the primary residence of the Kings of England from 1049 with Edward the Confessor (1042 – 1066) until 1532 when Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and converted it to become the Palace of Whitehall. The Royal Council, the predecessor of Parliament, met in Westminster Hall from the 11th century. From 1295 it was the venue of the Model Parliament, the first official Parliament of England. This consisted of clergy, aristocrats, and representatives of the counties and boroughs of the Kingdom. It was also the venue for the various Royal Courts of Justice. The commons were given permanent use of St Stephen’s Chapel (now St Stephen’s Hall) in 1547 having previously used various parts of the palace or Westminster Abbey for their meetings.
The Palace underwent a number of alterations from the 18th century onwards, as more buildings were added including a new west façade between 1755 and 1770 in order to provide more document storage and committee rooms.
On 16 October 1834, a fire broke out in the Palace due to an overheated furnace that set fire to the House of Lords Chamber. This then spread to the Commons Chamber and most of the other parts of the complex, with the exception of Westminster Hall, the Cloisters of St Stephen, the Jewel Tower, and the Chapel of St Mary. King William IV (1830 – 1837) offered Buckingham Palace as an alternative though this was deemed to be unsuitable and was therefore declined.
In 1836, 97 design proposals for the new palace had been submitted for consideration and the Gothic style design by Charles Barry was accepted. In 1840 work started and the Lords Chamber was completed in 1847, the Commons Chamber in 1852 and most of the other buildings by 1860; although it took over 30 years to finish the work completely, delays occurring due to cost increases and by the death of Barry in 1860.
Built on the neo-classical principle of symmetry it contains over 1,100 rooms, 100 staircases, and 3 miles (4.8 kilometres) of passageways, spread over four floors. Its façade stretches for 266 metres along the bank of the River Thames.
Although mainly completed by 1870 work on the interior decoration continued intermittently well into the twentieth century.
During the Second World War, the Palace was hit by bombs on fourteen separate occasions. One bomb fell into Old Palace Yard and severely damaged the south wall of St Stephen's Porch and the west front.
The statue of Richard I (1189 – 1199) the Lionheart, was blown from its pede
stal, another bomb destroyed much of the Cloisters.
The Clock Tower was also hit blowing out all the glass on the south dial although the hands and bells were not affected, and the Clock continued to keep time. The worst incident, however, was on the night of 10/11 May 1941, when the Palace took twelve hits killing three people. An incendiary bomb hit the chamber of the House of Commons setting it on fire; while another caused the roof of Westminster Hall to catch fire causing significant damage.
In 1975 the Palace space has extended to allow MPs to have their own office when it acquired the Norman Shaw Building and in 2000 the custom-built Portcullis House was completed. Portcullis House is accessed by a secure tunnel running from the Palace under Bridge Street. The building contains a glazed covered courtyard with a cafeteria with meeting rooms on the first floor and offices above.
A visit to the Palace will normally follow a prescribed route which includes the main rooms. Unfortunately, photographs are not permitted other than in Westminster Hall so none of the other rooms are shown in the video below.
Passing through security at the visitor’s entrance visitors enter Westminster Hall which was constructed in 1097 which is the oldest existing part of the Palace of Westminster, and at the time of construction was the largest hall in Europe.
The roof was originally supported by pillars, but this was changed during the reign of Richard II (1377 – 1399) to the hammer-beam roof which looks like an inverted ship's keel.
Westminster Hall has served numerous functions including housing the main judicial courts of the land. It has also housed a number of important trials, including that of King Charles I (1625 – 1649), Sir William Wallace, Guy Fawkes, and Sir Thomas More whose commemorative plaque can be found on the floor of the hall, along with some of the famous who lay in state after their death including Sir Winston Churchill and members of the Royal Family. It was here that Queen Elizabeth II lay following her death in September 2022.
From Westminster Hall, visitors enter St. Stephen’s Hall via the steps at the end of the hall.
St Stephen's Hall stands on the site of the royal Chapel of St Stephen's. It was here that the House of Commons sat until the Chapel was destroyed by the fire of 1834.
Along the sides of the hall are statues of famous parliamentarians including John Hampden, Robert Walpole, William Pitt, and Charles James Fox. On either side of the doorways are statues of some of early the Kings and Queens of England. Along the walls are paintings depicting a number of important events in British history.
Also displayed on each side wall are ten stained-glass windows which depict the arms of various parliamentary cities and boroughs. These have been restored following damage during the Second World War.
At the end of the Hall, the steps lead to the Public lobby. From this lobby lead corridors to both chambers of the house, the libraries, and committee rooms. Through the House of Lords Chamber, the Royal Gallery leads to the Robing Room which the Sovereign uses prior to the state opening of Parliament. Their entrance is through the Sovereign’s entrance in the Victoria Tower with its wrought-iron gates.
The Victoria Tower consists of twelve floors, which on its completion in 1858 was the tallest secular building in the world. It is used as an archive containing over three million Parliamentary records dating back to 1497.
The Tower which most people are aware of is the Clock Tower known as “Big Ben” after the name of the largest of its five bells.
It dates from 1859 and has become one of the world’s iconic buildings. Visitors are allowed into the tower, although they do require special security clearance, and they have to climb the 334 steps.
The Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 yet it remains very much a working building with significant influence on the United Kingdom and its people.
